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Something-perhaps a volcanic belch or an asteroid collision-caused another mass extinction. The Triassic closed in the same way it began. A few million years later came the 27.5-foot-long (8-meter-long) herbivore called Plateosaurus. It showed up about 225 million years ago. Among the first dinosaurs was the two-footed carnivore Coelophysis, which grew up to 9 feet (2.7 meters) tall, weighed up to a hundred pounds (45 kilograms), and probably fed on small reptiles and amphibians. The shrewlike creature laid eggs but fed its young mother's milk. One of the earliest true mammals was the three-foot-long (one-meter-long) Eozostrodon. Appearance of Mammalsīut perhaps the biggest changes came with the evolution of dinosaurs and the first mammals in the late Triassic, starting around 230 million years ago. Spiders, scorpions, millipedes, and centipedes thrived. On firm ground, moss, liverwort, and ferns carpeted forests of conifers, ginkgoes, and palm-like cycads. Pterosaurs, a group of flying reptiles, took to the air. The bottom rung of the food chain was filled with microscopic plants called phytoplankton two of the major groups still in the oceans today first appeared.įrogs, salamanders, crocodiles, turtles, and snakes slunk and slithered on and off the Triassic coast, lakes, and rivers.
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Giant reptiles such as the dolphin-shaped ichthyosaurs and the long-necked and paddle-finned plesiosaurs preyed on fish and ancient squid. The first corals appeared, though other reef-building organisms were already present. The oceans teemed with the coiled-shelled ammonites, mollusks, and sea urchins that survived the Permian extinction and were quickly diversifying.
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Earlier failed attempts at the split formed rift valleys in North America and Africa filled with red sediments that today contain the best preserved fossils of Triassic life. The Tethys Ocean filled the C and was the zipper upon which Pangaea began to split apart. Areas near the coast were pummeled by seasonal monsoons, but ocean-circulation patterns kept the isolated and vast interior warm and dry. The giant ocean called Panthalassa surrounded Pangaea. By the end of the period 199 million years ago, tectonic forces had slowly begun to split the supercontinent in two: Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south. Almost as soon as the supercontinent formed, it started to come undone. Pangaeaīy the start of the Triassic, all the Earth's landmasses had coalesced to form Pangaea, a supercontinent shaped like a giant C that straddled the Equator and extended toward the Poles. Life that survived the so-called Great Dying repopulated the planet, diversified into freshly exposed ecological niches, and gave rise to new creatures, including rodent-size mammals and the first dinosaurs. Something-a bout of violent volcanic eruptions, climate change, or perhaps a fatal run-in with a comet or asteroid-had triggered the extinction of more than 90 percent of Earth's species.īut it was also a time of tremendous change and rejuvenation. The start of the Triassic period (and the Mesozoic era) was a desolate time in Earth's history.